42_循环与气体交换.pptVIP

Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Overview: Trading Places Every organism must exchange materials with its environment. Exchanges ultimately occur at the cellular level. In unicellular organisms, these exchanges occur directly with the environment. For most cells making up multicellular organisms, direct exchange with the environment is not possible. Gills are an example of a specialized exchange system in animals. Internal transport and gas exchange are functionally related in most animals. Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body In small and/or thin a