曹彪-焊接-joining processes and equipment3资料教程.pptVIP

Cracks are classified as hot or cold. 热裂纹与冷裂纹 Hot cracks occur while the joint is still at elevated temperatures. Cold cracks develop after the weld metal has solidified. The basic crack-prevention measures are the following: Change the joint design, to minimize stresses from shrinkage during cooling; Change the parameters, the procedures, and the sequence of the welding process; Preheat the components to be welded; Avoid rapid cooling of the welded components. 29.3.6 Lamellar Tears （层状撕裂） because of the alignment of nonmetallic impurities and inclusions, stresses in the thickness direction （厚度方向存在非金属夹杂层） 29.3.7 Surface Damage （表面伤害） spatter, arc strikes （飞溅，电弧冲击） 29.3.8 Residual Stresses 残余应力 Because of localized heating and cooling during welding, expansion and contraction of the weld area causes residual stresses in the workpiece. Residual stresses can cause the following defects: ① distortion, warping, and buckling of the welded parts; 焊件扭曲 ② stress-corrosion cracking; 应力腐蚀开裂 ③ further distortion; ④ reduced fatigue life. 降低疲劳寿命 Figure 29.10 Distortion of parts after welding: (a) butt joints; (b) fillet welds. Distortion is caused by differential thermal expansion and contraction of different parts of the welded assembly. Distortion after Welding Residual Stresses developed during welding Figure 29.11 Residual stresses developed during welding of a butt joint. The type and distribution of residual stresses in welds The reason for the producing of residual stresses: When two plates are being welded, a long narrow zone is subjected to elevated temperatures, while the plates as a whole are essentially at ambient temperature. After the weld is completed, and as time elapses, the heat from the weld zone dissipates laterally into the plates, while the weld area cools. The plates thus begin to expand longitudinally while the welded length begins to contract. These two opposing effects cause residu