第1章 什么是现代经济学(精品·公开课件).ppt

* * 9 * 10 * 10 * * 11 * * 12 * * 15 * 16 * 16 * 16 * * * 17 * 17 * 18 * 17 * 21 * 21 * 22 * 23 * 24 * 6.市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 因为家庭和企业在决定买什么和卖什么时眼睛都盯着价格，他们就不自觉地将他们这些行为的社会收益与成本考虑在内了。 Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social benefits and costs of their actions. 这样一来，价格引导决策者，达到使社会整体福利最大的结果。 As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. 6.市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 当政府阻止价格根据供求自发地调整时，它就限制了看不见的手对组成经济的千百万家庭和企业进行协调的能力。 When the government prevents prices from adjusting naturally to supply and demand, it impedes the invisible hand’s ability to coordinate the millions of households and firms that make up the economy. 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity “Whats the single most important thing to learn from an economics course today? What I tried to leave my students with is the view that the invisible hand is more powerful than the hidden hand. Things will happen in well-organized efforts without direction, controls, plans. Thats the consensus among economists. Thats the Hayek legacy.” -- Lawrence Summers Harvard Economics Professor, Clark Medallist former President of Harvard University former U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Clinton former Chief Economist, World Bank 7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes 当市场失灵的时候，政府可以干预以提高效率和平等。 When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity. 7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes 当市场不能有效率地配置资源，市场失灵发生。 Market failure occurs when the market fa