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The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm Influences from behavior therapy Problem behavior is likely to continue if it is reinforced 4 possible consequences Getting attention Escaping from tasks Generating sensory feedback Gaining access to desirable things or situations Time-out: The person is sent for a period of time to a location where positive reinforcers are not available. The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm Positive reinforcement: making positive reinforcers contingent on behavior Token economy: A procedure in which tokens are given for desired behavior; the tokens can later be exchanged for desirable items and activities. Exposure: the anxiety will extinguish if the person can face the object or situation for long enough with no actual harm occurring. “in vivo”- in real-life situation Imaginal exposure Criticism: minimizing the importance of thinking and feeling. The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm Cognitive science Cognition involves the mental processes of perceiving, recognizing, judging and reasoning The cognitive paradigm focuses on how people structure and understand their experiences and how these experiences are related to past experiences stored in memory The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm The learner as an active interpreter of a situation, with the learner’s past knowledge imposing a perceptual funnel on the experience. Schema: an organized network of already accumulated knowledge; cognitive set The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm Attention studies Anxiety disorder: attention to threatening or anxiety-producing events or situations Schizophrenia: hard to concentrate attention for a period of time Stroop task: To name the ink color as fast as possible without making mistakes (Figure 2.11) Cognitive explanations Depression: negative cognitive set; hopelessness Cognitive Behavior Therapy(CBT) Cognitive therapy assumes that thought patterns can cause a disturbance of emotion or behavior Cognitive restructuring involves changing thought patterns that lead to abnor