罗宾斯管理学英文版14章(精品·公开课件).pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Copyright ? 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14–* How We Perceive People Attribution Theory How the actions of individuals are perceived by others depends on what meaning (causation) we attribute to a given behavior. Internally caused behavior: under the individual’s control Externally caused behavior: due to outside factors Determining the source of behaviors: Distinctiveness: different behaviors in different situations Consensus: behaviors similar to others in same situation Consistency: regularity of the same behavior Copyright ? 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14–* How We Perceive People (cont’d) Attribution Theory (cont’d) Fundamental attribution error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and to overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. Self-serving bias The tendency of individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while blaming personal failures on external factors. Copyright ? 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14–* Shortcuts Used in Judging Others Assumed Similarity Assuming that others are more like us than they actually are. Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of our perception of a group he or she is a part of. Halo Effect Forming a general impression of a person on the basis of a single characteristic of that person Copyright ? 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14–* Learning Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Almost all complex behavior is learned. Learning is a continuous, life-long process. The principles of learning can be used to shape behavior Theories of learning: Operant conditioning Social learning Copyright ? 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14–* Learning (cont’d) Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences and is learned through experience. Operant behavior: voluntary or lear