《电磁场数值分析-谢拥军8》精选课件.pptVIP

* * -8- Inner product spaces Xie, Yongjun（谢拥军） Department of Microwave Telecommunication Engineering The problems we desire to solve We desire to solve an equation of the form (8.1) Where L is a continuous linear operator such as the integral operators or the differential operator. The function f is the unknown to be determined, and g represents a known excitation. If a unique solution exists, it is given by , where is the inverse operator. In practice, we are usually not able to determine and resort to numerical solution. “solutions to equations, often by means of convergent sequences of approximation” domain and range Inner product (I) Inner product A scalar quantity denote a,b satisfying the following properties: (8.1) (8.2) if (8.3) if (8.4) Where a, b, and c are functions and and are scalars. Complex conjugation is denoted using a dagger (+). Inner product (II) Any inner product satisfying these properties can be used to define a natural norm (8.5) and the associate metric (8.6) The metric provides us with the notion of “distance” between two functions. Two functions a and b in an inner product space are said to be orthogonal if (8.7) Inner product (III) In a similar fashion, functions in an inner product space form an orthogonal set if (8.8) The set is said to be complete if the zero functions is the only function in the inner product space orthogonal to each member of this set. A set that is both complete and orthogonal is said to be a basis and can be used to represent any function f in the inner product space in the sense that Where the are scalar coefficients uniquely determined by (8.9) (8.10) Orthogonal projection (I) In practice, we are forced to project the functions of interest onto a finite-dimensional subspace of the original inner product space. In the subspace, the basis is truncated to the form , and the representation is given by (8.