英语作文专辑.docVIP

一、摘要写作：（writing a summary） 1．阅读 1) 阅读。读的次数越多，对文章的内容就会越熟悉，也会越明白其中心大意。 2) 在原文中找出与中心思想关系最密切的部分，并把它作为写摘要的材料；关系不大的其他部分可以不予考虑。 3) 阅读中还需要做一些简单的笔记，把有用的词汇、内容和数据抄在一张纸上备用。 2．写作 1) 一篇摘要的长度不应超出原文的三分之一。在写摘要前要定出字数限制。定稿后的摘要可以少于限定的字数，但不能超过。 2) 要用自己的语言来写摘要。一篇摘要应是一个文字上的再创造，而不应是原文词语的简单堆砌和重新编排。这一点很重要。虽然做起来有一定的难度，但可以通过不断的练习达到这个目标。 3) 使摘要条理清楚的最好办法是按原文的顺序去写。如果不是特殊情况（如倒叙），不要随便更换原文内容的顺序。 4) 一篇摘要应做到内容完整并且没有大的遗漏。要使读摘要的人无需再查看原文，便可放心地认为他所获得的信息即原文的主要内容。 5) 写摘要也是一项压缩文字的练习。在写摘要时，需要学会做以下几项工作： ◎删除细节。摘要只取要点，解释要点的细节一律删去。 ◎削减例子。原文中如有五六个例子，可以只在摘要中留用一两个，其余的省去不提。 ◎简化描述。原文中如有十个句子用于描述一个人或一件事，在摘要中保留一两句的意思就可以了。 ◎避免重复。在不少文章里，重复是一种表示强调的手法；而在摘要里，重复是不必要的。用不同的词语重复表达同一个意思也大可不必。 ◎压缩繁冗的句子，并把短语改成字词。请看下面的例子： His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. He was very brave in battle. The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh. The witnesss story was absurd. They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution. They acted illegally. John fell into the river and, before help could reach him, he sank. John was drowned in the river. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. He was in financial difficulties. —用短语取代长句和长句中的从句，也是压缩文字的好办法。请看下面的例子： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus ser 以上两个句子可以改写成： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to 在摘要中，要多用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。请看下面的例子： She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. 以上一句可以改写为： She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation. 使用最简短的过渡词语，例如，要用but, then, thus, yet和for等等，而不用at the same time，on the other hand等等。 —原文中的对话要点可以用间接引语表达出来。间接引语可以改得非常简洁明了；而直接