英语语言学 第五章(精品·公开课件).pptVIP

Every utterance occurs in a particular spatio-temporal situation, as the following factors are related to the situational context: (1) the speaker and the hearer; (2) the actions they are performing at the time; (3) various external objects and events; (4) deictic features. The “linguistic context” is another aspect of contextualism. It considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication. Behaviorism Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_________r--------s_________R the famous account of Jack and Jill S r s R Events before speech Speech Events after speech Bloomfield argued that meaning consists in the relation between events before speech and events after speech. Mentalism ★ This approach has been headed by Chomsky since 1960’s ★ Mentalists believe that data needed for the study of language can be supplied by direct resort to intuition. ★They argue that people often judge which sentences are synonymous, which sentences are ambiguous, which sentences are ill-formed or absurd, based on their intuition. Therefore they regard the task of semantics mainly as one to explain those data supplied by direct resort to intuition by constructing theories. Lexical Meaning Two Concepts to Understand Sense Reference Sense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relations