罗素摹状语理论剖析.docVIP

罗素摹状语理论剖析 　　提 要:“语言转向”使哲学研究发生了重大变革。语言开始成为一些哲学家们研究的对象,于是出现了一批热衷于研究语言的语言哲学家。他们认为,一切哲学问题都可以归于语言问题,哲学问题的分析实际上就是语言分析,哲学中很多问题都产生于语言误用。语言哲学家主要集中研究意义指称理论问题,因为意义指称理论是语言哲学中的首要问题。在现有指称理论中,影响最大的就是罗素的摹状语理论。在该理论中,数理逻辑分析方法运用到哲学研究中,使得一些长期困扰哲学家们的难题得到了解决。 　　关键词:罗素;日常语言;逻辑语言;摹状语理论 　　中图分类号:B089 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-0100(2010)05-0016-4 　　 　　Analyzing the Theory of Russell’s Denoting Phrase 　　Fan wei 　　(Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China) 　　At the beginning of the 20st century, the study of philosophy had significant revolution due to the “the changing direction to linguistics” in western philosophy. Language became the study object of some linguistic philosophers, so it appeared a number of linguistics philosophers who had a burning passion for language. They held the view that all the philosophy questions belonged to the linguistic questions. They pointed out that the analysis of all the philosophy questions were actually the analysis of language and a lot of problems in philosophy resulted in the misuse of language. The linguistic philosophers put most of their concentration on the meaning reference theory. A lot of linguistic philosophers had their own reference theories since the meaning reference theory is the most important in philosophy of language. Among all of these reference theories, Russell’s denoting phrase theory which is the analysis of mixing the mathematics and logic study with the philosophical study is the most powerfully influenced. Some difficulties which had troubled philosophers for a long time have been solved through this method. 　　Key words:Russell; common language;logical language; denoting phrase 　　 　　20世纪初,罗素正式提出摹状语理论。在《逻辑与知识》和《数理哲学导论》中,他详尽论述了摹状语。可以说,摹状语理论是一个不断发展、完善的复杂理论体系。罗素在1903年撰写《数学原则》时认为,所有在句子中出现的语词都有其各自所指示的一种不同于自身的存在体,所以我们既可以用名称“马”、“牛”指示现实中存在的事物,也可以用名称“独角兽”、“圆的方”指示现实中不存在的事物。也就是说,指示虚构事物的名称是有意义的。不过,他并没有意识到这些指示虚构事物的语词并不是专名。后来,他改变了这种观点。 　　在《论指称》中他指出,一个名称必须有一个实际的东西与其对应,这样的名称才有意义。“独角兽”、“圆的方”这样的词语所指称的事物实际上并不存在,因此这种词不能作为专名而只能作为摹状语。在《数理哲学导论