微观经济学 第16章 垄断竞争 版(精品·公开课件).ppt

单 项 选 择 * * * The level of output that minimizes ATC is greater than the output that maximizes the monopolistic competitor’s profits. Hence, we say the monopolistic competitor operates with excess capacity. (More on this topic on the next slide.) * Due to the markup of price over marginal cost, the market output under monopolistic competition will be smaller than the socially efficient output, as we discuss on the following slide. * The problem facing policymakers here is similar to the problem arising from natural monopoly: With natural monopoly, ATC is always falling, so MC is below ATC. If regulators force a natural monopoly to price at marginal cost, it will incur losses. * One of these externalities is positive, the other is negative. It’s not clear which one is bigger, and it may in fact differ by industry. * This section of the textbook has a nice FYI box contrasting the views on advertising of John Kenneth Galbraith and Frederic Hayek, two of the great economists of the 20th century. * * The study mentioned here was by economist Lee Benham, published in the Journal of Law and Economics in 1972. The textbook has a case study that discusses this research in more detail. * * * * * * * * CHAPTER 17 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 结论 有差异的产品到处都是；垄断竞争的例子很多。 垄断竞争理论描述了经济中的很多市场，但并没有给意在改善市场资源配置的政策制定者提供一点点指导。 0 CHAPTER 17 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 本章小结 垄断竞争市场的三个特点：很多企业，有差别的产品，自由进入。 垄断竞争市场上的每个企业都有过剩的生产能力—产量水平低于ATC最小时对应的产量。每一个企业收取的价格都高于边际成本 0 CHAPTER 17 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 本章小结 垄断竞争没有完全竞争所具有的所有合意的福利特征。高于边际成本的价格加成导致了无谓损失。此外，企业的数量（和产品的种类）可能太多了或太少了。政策制定者没有一种明确的办法来改善市场结果。 0 CHAPTER 17 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 本章小结 由于产品的差异性和加成定价，很多企业使用广告和品牌。对广告和品牌的批判者认为，企业利用它们减少竞争和利用消费者的非理性。对广告和品牌的辩护者认为，企业利用它们向消费者传递有关产品的信息，以便在价格和产品质量上更有竞争力。 0 1、以下哪一项不是垄断竞争市场的特征 a.许多卖者。 b.有差别的产品。 c.长期经济利润。 d.自由进入与退出。 c 2、以下哪一种产品最不可能在垄断竞争市场上出售？ a.电子游戏。 b.早餐麦片。 c.啤酒。 d.棉花。 d 3、以下哪一种关于垄断竞争与垄断相似性和差别的说法是正确的？ a.垄断者面临一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线，而垄断竞争者面临一条富有弹性的需求曲线。 b.垄断者在长期中获得经济利润，而垄断竞争者在长期中获得零经济利润。 c.垄断者