微观经济学英文课件Ch_08(精品·公开课件).ppt

Application: the Costs of Taxation应用：税收的成本 Chapter 8 The Cost of Taxation征税的成本 How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants? 税收如何影响市场参与者的经济福利？ It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good… the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls. 对某商品征税时由买者支付还是卖者支付其实无关紧要……结果都是买者支付的价格上升而卖者受到的价格下降。 The Effects of a Tax...税收的效应 The Effects of a Tax A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. 税收在买者支付的价格和卖者收到的价格之间打入一个楔子。 Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax. 因为这个税收楔子，销售量下降到没有税收是的销售水平之下。 The size of the market for that good shrinks 这个商品的市场规模因之萎缩。 Tax Revenue Tax Revenue... How a Tax Affects Welfare... Changes in Welfare from a Tax How a Tax affects welfare税收如何影响福利 The change in total welfare includes: 总得福利变化包括： The change in consumer surplus. 消费者剩余的变化 The change in producer surplus. 生产者剩余的变化 The change in tax revenue. 税收总额的变化 The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raise by the government. 买者和卖者的损失超过了政府征收的税收总额 The fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss. 总福利中下降的那部分就称为无谓损失 Deadweight Loss and the Gains from Trade Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade. 税收之所以导致无谓损失是因为它阻碍了买者和卖者从交易中获得的利益。 The Deadweight Loss... Determinants of Deadweight Loss What determines whether the deadweight loss from a tax is small or large? 什么决定了税收导致的无谓损失的大小？ The magnitude of the deadweight loss depends on how much the quantity supplied and quantity demanded respond to changes in the price. 无谓损失的大小依赖于价格变化所引起的供给量和需求量的变化。 That, in turn, depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand. 或者说依赖于供需的价格弹性。 Tax Distortions and Elasticities...税收扭曲和弹性 Tax Distortions and Elasticities...税收扭曲和弹性 Tax Distortions and Elasticities...税收扭曲和弹性 Tax Distortions and Elasticities...税收扭曲和弹性 Determinants of Deadweight Loss无谓损失的决定因素 The