[精品]国际经济学克鲁格曼教材内容答案.docVIP

. Problems and Answers to Chapter 2 Q1: Canada and Australia are (mainly) English-speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size (Canada’s is 60 percent larger). But Canadian trade is twice as large, relative to GDP, as Australia’s. Why should this be the case? 加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家，两国的人口规模也相当（加拿大多60%），但是相对各自的GDP而言，加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍，为什么如此？ A1:According to Gravity Model, GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume of trade between two countries, because distance is also an important factor. Considering the distance, the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than that of Canada, so the attractiveness of trade is reduced. However, Canada is close to the USA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy, making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky. GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素，距离也是至关重要的因素之一。 考虑到距离，澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高，因此减少了贸易吸引力。 因为加拿大与美国相邻，而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻，这使得加拿 大更加开放，而澳大利亚更加自给自足。 Q2:Mexico and Brazil have very different trading patterns. Mexico trades mainly with the United States, Brazil trades about equally with the United States and with the European Union; Mexico does much more trade relative to its GDP. Explain these differences using the gravity model. 墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同。墨西哥主要与美国贸易，巴西与美国和 欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥的贸易量相对其GDP而言很大。用引力模型 解释这种现象。 A2:Mexico is close to the United States, but is very far from the European Union, so Mexico’s value of trade with the United States is large. Brazil is far from both the United States and European Union, thus, Brazil’s volume of trade with the United States and with the European Union is generally equivalent. Mexico’s volume of trade is larger than Brazil’s, for two reasons: one is that Mexico is adjacent to the United States which is a large economy; the other is that Mexico is one of the members of NAFTA. Brazil is far from any large economy, and the size of the economy for the countries which have signed free trade agreements with Brazil is relati