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2011-09-07 Lecture 3 Remarks Public key systems are slow Use public key system to encrypt symmetric key Use symmetric key to encrypt the data Send encrypted data and encrypted key to receiver * * * * * * * * * * * * * Perhaps the most widely used public-key algorithms are RSA and Diffie-Hellman. One of the first public-key schemes was developed in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman at MIT and first published in 1978. The RSA scheme has since that time reigned supreme as the most widely accepted and implemented approach to public-key encryption. RSA is a block cipher in which the plaintext and ciphertext are integers between 0 and n – 1 for some n. Encryption and decryption are of the following form, for some plaintext block M and ciphertext block C: C = Me mod n M = Cd mod n = (Me)d mod n = Med mod n Both sender and receiver must know the values of n and e, and only the receiver knows the value of d. This is a public-key encryption algorithm with a public key of PU = {e, n} and a private key of PR = {d, n}. See text for details of how these values are derived, and their requirements. * An example is shown in Figure 20.6. For this example, the keys were generated as: 1. Select two prime numbers, p = 17 and q = 11. 2. Calculate n = pq = 17 ? 11 = 187. 3. Calculate ?(n) = (p – 1)(q – 1) = 16 ? 10 = 160. 4. Select e s.t. e is relatively prime to ?(n) = 160 and less than ?(n); we choose e = 7. 5. Determine d such that de mod 160 = 1 and d 160. The correct value is d = 23, because 23 ? 7 = 161 = (1 ? 160) + 1. The resulting keys are public key PU = {7, 187} and private key PR = {23, 187}. The example shows the use of these keys for a plaintext input of M = 88. For encryption, we need to calculate C = 887 mod 187 = 11, which can be done efficiently by exploiting the properties of modular arithmetic, as shown in the text. For decryption, we calculate M = 1123 mod 187 = 88. * Lecture 3 Computer Security Lecture 3 security Cryptography in Java Public Key
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