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linguistics课件及试卷第七章
Chapter SevenLanguage, Culture, and Society1. Language and Culture Why do we conduct the study?Language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Studying the relationship of language and culture in a social situation could provide learners a different perspective to the study of language in terms of some new tendencies and developments in the field of sociolinguistics. What is culture?The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. 通过社会传导的行为方式、艺术、信仰、风俗以及人类工作和思想的所有其它产物的总和Two types of culture: material and spiritual Material culture: the concrete, substantial and observable Spiritual culture: the products of mind (ideologies, beliefs, values and concepts of time and space); abstract, ambiguous, and hidden There are five types of sub-culture we should be fully aware of: 1) ecological culture; 2)linguistic culture; 3) religious culture; 3) material culture; 4) material culture, and 5) social culture (Nida, 1964). 1.1 The relationship between L CGenerally, the relation of language to culture is that of part to whole, for language is part of culture. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in language.Language is the carrier of culture, and it is an essential part of a given culture and the influence of culture on a given language is intrinsic and indispensable. Culture finds a better representation through language use. 1.2 The heritage concerning the study of language and culture At the start of 20th century, an anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in Europe and in North America. In Europe:Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)马林诺夫斯基: The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context.Language functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action. J. R. Firth (1
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