8b.Nucleus+and+Chromosomes(曲志才).ppt

8.1 The Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell 8.1.1 Organization of the Nucleus 8.1.2 Internal Architecture contrast to the cytoplasm, the nucleus: revised picture of nuclear structure Nuclear matrix: a proteinaceous scaffold-like network Nucleolus: the center for synthesis and processing of rRNA molecules 8.2 The Nuclear Envelope The separation of a cell’s genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm may be single most important feature that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. Structure of the nuclear envelope outer nuclear membrane inner nuclear membrane nuclear lamina perinuclear space nuclear pore Function of the nuclear envelope 8.3 Nuclear Pore Complex Vertebrate: 50?100 proteins Diameter: 120 nm, 125 MDa basketlike apparatus eightfold symmetry Composition of the NPC Cytoplasmic ring Nuclear ring Spoke Central plug Three-dimensional models of the NPC NLSs direct nuclear proteins to the nucleus ?核孔运输特点 ◆被动运输 ◆主动运输 ●信号引导 ●双向性 Molecular traffic through NPC Small molecular traffic through the NPC by passive diffusion 2.1核蛋白运输机制 ?基本概念 ◆核蛋白(nuclear protein) ◆核定位信号(nuclear localization signals ,NLS) ◆核输出信号(nuclear export signals, NES) ◆输入蛋白(importin) ◆输出蛋白(exportin) ?核蛋白的输入 ◆核质蛋白(nucleoplasmin)实验 ◆核蛋白输入机理 ●输入蛋白 ●Ran蛋白:小GTPase RanGAP:RanGTP激活蛋白:细胞质中 RCC1：Ran nucleotide-exchange factor1.细胞核中 Receptors for the NLS transport proteins to the nucleus Role of the Ran protein in nuclear import 核蛋白输入机理 ?核内RNA与蛋白质输出 Transport of RNA between nucleus and cytoplasm active, energy-dependent process ribonucleoprotein complexes rather than naked RNAs 3 分子伴侣(chaperones) 3.1 分子伴侣的发现及种类 ◆The term “chaperone was first used by Ron Laskey and his colleagues to describe a protein (nucleoplasmin) that is required for the assembly of nucleosomes from histones and DNA. ◆Nucleoplasmin binds to histones and mediates their assembly into nucleosomes, but nucleoplasmin itself is not incorporated into the final nucleosome structure. ◆Chaperones thus act as catalysts