12.免疫系统的细胞(吴超群).pptVIP

抗体的L链是由C、V、J三个基因簇编码的，H链由C、V、D、J四个基因簇编码的。V是编码可变区，有300个种类；D编码高变区,有15 ～ 20个种类；J编码连接V、C的结合区，有4～5个种类；C编码恒定区，仅有一种。这些外显子通过多种多样的重排，所合成出的肽链，还要再进一步进行L和H链组合，这样最后生成的抗体种类就非常多了。抗体基因重排是发生在淋巴细胞分化的时候。  V-D-J-C Functions of Ig 特异性结合抗原 活化补体 结合Fc受体 B细胞膜主要表面分子： B细胞抗原识别受体BCR；Fc受体（有利于与免疫复合物结合）；补体受体（CR）；细胞因子受体；MHC，B细胞分化抗原（CD分子） Antigen and Their Receptors Antigen 任何进入人或动物体内后，能和抗体结合或和淋巴细胞的表面受体结合，引起人或动物免疫反应的物质。 细菌、细菌分泌毒素、疫苗、移植器官、组织、肿瘤抗原 proteins，polysaccharides，conjugates of lipids with proteins (lipoproteins) and polysaccharides (glycolipids). Protein, lipid and polysaccharide antigens are presented to the immune system in vivo 理化性质 是蛋白质或多糖类大分子，相对分子量在10,000以上，6,000以下的一般都没有抗原性 一般地蛋白质的抗原性强于多糖 半抗原或不全抗原： 没有免疫原性，但有免疫反应性，与载体蛋白结合后有抗原性。 抗原决定簇(epitope)：抗原分子中能与抗体或与淋巴细胞表面受体结合的特定部分，即在分子构象上与抗体互补的部分，或者说是能与抗体分子嵌合的化学基团。一般由5~8个aa残基、短寡糖残基或核苷酸残基组成 多的达200种，少的只有2~3种。 抗原具有特异性 基因工程疫苗：乙肝疫苗 Three types of antigen ·Immunogen - Any substance that provokes the immune response when introduced into the body. An immunogen is always a macromolecule (protein, polysaccharide). Its ability to provoke the immune response depends on its foreignness to the host, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogeneity (e.g. different amino acids in a protein). ·Tolerogen - An antigen that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen. ·Allergen - An allergen is a substance that causes the allergic reaction. It can be ingested, inhaled, injected or comes into contact with skin. Antigens can also be classified according to their origin ·Exogenous antigens - Antigens that enter the body from the environment; these would include inhaled macromolecules; ingested macromolecules; molecules that are introduced beneath the skin . ·Endogenous antigens - Antigens that have been generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism, proteins encoded by the genes of viruses that have infected a cell, aberrant proteins