第三章存货管理及风险共担InventoryMnagementandRisk.pptVIP

* 多重訂購機會（2） 至少三個理由可解釋為什麼配銷商要持有存貨： 滿足前置時間期間內發生的需求 因應需求的不確定性 平衡年存貨持有成本及年固定訂購成本 * 持續補貨政策 每天檢視存貨水準並作成是否訂購及訂購多少的決定 此外，我們需對存貨狀態（Inventory Position）觀念下定義 在任何時間點的存貨狀態是倉庫中實際存貨加上配銷商已訂購但未送達的項目 * 持續補貨政策：額外的假設 Normally distributed random demand：每日的需求是隨機的，且按照常態機率分配。換句話說，我們假設每日需求的機率性預測會依循著名的鐘形曲線 Fixed order cost plus a cost proportional to amount ordered：配銷商每次向製造商訂購電視機，配銷商支付和訂購數量成比例的金額。沒有固定訂購成本 Inventory cost is charged per item per unit time：每單位時間每一項目都需計算存貨持有成本 If an order arrives and there is no inventory, the order is lost：假如接到顧客訂購時，供應商手中沒有存貨(亦即缺貨時) ，此訂單即為一損失 The distributor has a required service level. This is expressed as the likelihood that the distributor will not stock out during lead time：配銷商詳細載明要求的服務水準。這服務水準是在前置時間內不缺貨的機率 * (s, S) Policies For some starting inventory levels, it is better to not start production If we start, we always produce to the same level Thus, we use an (s, S) policy: If the inventory level is below s, we produce up to S s is the reorder point, and S is the order-up-to level The difference between the two levels is driven by the fixed costs associated with ordering, transportation, or manufacturing * s：再訂購點 S：訂購量上限 多重訂購機會之（s, S）存貨政策 * The (s, S) Policy (s, S) Policy: Whenever the inventory position drops below a certain level, s, we order to raise the inventory position to level S The reorder point is a function of: The Lead Time Average demand Demand variability Service level * A Multi-Period Inventory Model Often, there are multiple reorder opportunities Consider a central distribution facility which orders from a manufacturer and delivers to retailers. The distributor periodically places orders to replenish its inventory The DC holds inventory to: Satisfy demand during lead time Protect against demand uncertainty Balance fixed costs and holding costs * 再訂購水準（s）的組成要素 第一個是補貨前置時間內的平均存貨，即平均每日需求及補貨前置時間的乘績 這確保直到下一次的訂購送達前，將有足夠的存貨使用 第二個組成元素為安全存貨，即配銷商需在倉庫及通路中維持的存貨數量，來因應前置時間期間內平均需求的誤差 * 週期補貨政策 存貨水準乃每隔一固定期間（γ）加以檢視，再訂購一適切的數量 例如在每個月初或每週末檢視存貨，再訂購不足的存貨 倉庫先