西方哲学概论locke.pptVIP

西方哲学概论Introduction to Western Philosophy 外国语学院 林允清 ylin@buaa.edu.cn John Locke (洛克) Introducing Locke (1632 – 1704) Most important philosophy book An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Published in 1690 Brief account of Essay Summary I. Introducing Locke English philosopher In political philosophy Two Treatises of Government (1689) Social contract theory Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous social contract thinkers. Each drew quite different conclusions about the nature of political authority. Hobbes advocated absolute monarchy Locke advocated natural rights Rousseau advocated collective sovereignty in the name of the general will” The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence, In philosophy of knowledge The first empiricist Proposed “tabula rasa” （白板说） An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) II. Brief account of Essay Book I Of innate notions Book II Of ideas Book III Of words Book IV Of knowledge and Opinion Book I: of innate ideas Argues against Descartes Thinks that there are no innate ideas Book II: of ideas The mind is initially a white paper Two sources of ideas Sensation: outer ideas Reflection: inner ideas Two types of ideas Simple ideas Complex ideas Simple ideas are the materials of all our knowledge Concerning simple ideas The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas But the mind has several faculties: Perception (first step to knowledge) Retention Contemplation Memory Discerning (no knowledge without discerning) Comparing Compounding Naming Abstracting … The mind actively process simple ideas using these faculties to form complex idea Simple modes Mode (模式） There are several modes of thinking Perceiving, discerning, remembering, etc. Each of these is a mode (of thinking) Similarly: 1, 2, 3 are modes of number White, red, yellow are modes of colour Simple modes consist of simple ideas of the same kind Co