社会语言学2刘家荣.pptVIP

SociolinguisticsChapter 2 Varieties of Language 2010,3 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Languages 3 Dialects 4 Registers 5 Mixture of varieties 6 Conclusions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 ?Global and specific statements 1) Global categoriesA Linguistic a) Languages  b) DialectsB Social: Communities ( Based on various social factors )C Statements: 2) Specific categories A: Linguistic items B: Speakers a) As members of some community b) As individuals 2.1.2 Linguistic items 1) The necessity for the termA For distancing ourselves from the concepts of “ language” and “ dialect”B For analyzing “ bits” of language 2) What is a linguistic itemA TG a) Lexical items  b) Rules  c) Constraints B Another way a) Lexical items(phonological specification,semantic specification and syntactical specification) b) Rules ( negation, interrogation, imperative, and attribution– pre-and post modification) c) Constraints * Selection restrictions ( Chomsky) * Scope restrictions d) Constructions * The English sentence patterns * Syllable structures 2.1.3 Varieties of language 1) The concept  A set of linguistic items with similar social distribution. 2) Inclusion A Languages B Dialects C Registers 3) The advantage of the term: It allows us to ask what basis there is for the distinction between languages on the one hand and dialects and registers on the other . For instance, why do we call some varieties different languages and others different dialects and registers 4) The size of a variety 5) Problem with the definition A picture of language varieties 1 Regional 2 Non-regional 1) Temporal 2) Social A Race B Sex C Age D Professional E Social-ec