普通语言学-Chapter-2-Phonology.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Phonology2.1 The phonetic medium of language5000 languages in the world2/3 of which have not had written form. Sounds used in human communication are limited in number. They constitute the phonetic medium of language. 2.2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics? - Study of the phonetic medium of language,  concerned with all the sounds that occur in  the world’s languages. - articulatory phonetics: how speech sounds  are produced- auditory phonetics: how speech sounds are perceived- acoustic phonetics: physical means of the  transmission of the speech  sounds Organs of speech- pharyngeal cavity: the throat- oral cavity: the mouth- nasal cavity: the nose Orthographic representation of speech sounds – broad and narrow transcriptionsInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)Diacritics: added to the letter-symbols to  bring out the finer distinctions  than the letters alone. Broad transcription: transcription with  letter-symbols only. (spit [spit]) Narrow transcription: transcriptions with  letter-symbols together with  diacritics. (put [phut]) Classification of English Speech SoundsVowels and ConsonantsVowels are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips. (Bloomfield)A vowel is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction. In the production of consonants air stream is obstructed in one way or another. Classification of English Consonants Place; manner; voicingAccording to Manner of articulation:1. Stops: complete obstruction of the air  stream ([p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g])2. Fricatives: partial obstr