材料物理性能6.ppt

8.2 MAGNETIC FIELD CLASSIFICATIONS In general, magnetic materials are classified into five distinct groups; diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic , ferrimagnetic. Table 8.2 provides a summary of the magnetic properties of these classes of materials. 8.2.2 PARAMAGNETSM Paramagnetic materials have a small positive magnetic susceptibility. For example, oxygen gas is paramagnetic with Χm=2.1×10-6 at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Each oxygen molecule has a net magnetic dipole moment μmol. In the absence of an applied field, these molecular moments are randomly oriented due to the random collisions of the molecules, as depicted in Figure 8.13a. The magnetization of the gas is zero. In the presence of an applied field, the molecular magnetic moments take various alignments with the field, as illustrated in Figure 8.13b. The degree of alignment ofμmol with the applied field and hence magnetization M increases with the strength of the applied field μ0H. 8.2.3 FERROMAGNETISM Ferromagnetic material such as iron can possess large permanent magnetizations even in the absence of an applied magnetic field The magnetic susceptibility Χm is typically positive and very large(even infinite) and, further, depends on the applied field intensity. The relationship between the magnetization M and the applied magnetic field μ0H is highly nonlinear. The origin of ferromagnetism is the quantum mechanical exchange interaction (discussed later) between the constituent atoms that results in regions of the material possessing permanent magnetization. Figure 8.15 depicts a region of the Fe crystal, called a magnetic domain that has a net magnetization vector M due to the alignment of the magnetic moments of all Fe atoms in this region. This crystal domain has magnetic ordering as all the atomic magnetic moments have been aligned parallel to each other. Ferromagnetism occurs below a critical temperature called the Curie temperature TC. At temperatures above TC,