991027教师成长研习讲座简报173K.PPT

論辯與科學思考 正、反方論辯對否證行為與知識探索的影響 The Effects of argument stand on falsification and knowledge exploration (NSC 96-2511-S-009-003) 主持人：洪瑞雲 計畫參與人員：呂柏輝 廖家寧 彭思諺 黃翊瑩 余哲銘 周世寶 國立交通大學工業工程與管理學系 Introduction 余豈好辯哉，余不得已也！ 論辯是西方的傳統， Socrates, Plato, Aristotle… 論辯是獲得真知的一個理性的方法，是科學家的核心工作之一 (如，論文寫作、發表） Argumentation: a rational and dialectical method to knowledge inquiry . Method: openly explain one’s beliefs and supports for the beliefs and invite counterarguments and criticisms purposefully so as to reduce potential pitfalls in one’s beliefs. Argument structure 1. Claim: a position regarding what is the correct answer to a problem. (曾子殺人, yes！） 2. Explanations: reasons and evidences to support the claim. （曾子前天跟人吵架，很多人在傳說） 3. Refutations (counterarguments): reasons and evidences that are inconsistent with the claim. Shaw, 1996 -- assertion-based, flaws in the knowledge. （曾子不認識那人） -- argument-based, logic in inferences. (很多人說不構成證據） -- alternative-based: different accounts other than the claim. （曾子沒殺人，有人在開玩笑） 4. Rebuttals: reasons and evidences to refute the counterarguments. （曾子脾氣不好，被激怒才失手殺人） Knowledge justified ：殺人的動機 true： 屍體、凶器、現場、 belief: 曾子殺人 reliable method：上述資料如何取得的？ Scientific knowledge: knowledge acquired by reliable methods, objective, evidence systematic, free of bias reliable, replicable coherent, consistent with other theories and findings. Epistemological nature of scientific knowledge Knowledge is constructed by scientists and censored by the scientific community. Tentative, relative, creative, falsifiable. 2. Complex, rather than simple causal relations. Usually, there are multiple explanations (causes) of the observed phenomena. 科學方法背後的精神：懷疑主義 （skepticism） 科學方法的核心工作：證偽 (falsification） A ? B, ~A ? B, alternative accounts (discounting A ?B) ~B ? ~A, falsifying a ?