有机化学英文课件chater2.pptVIP

Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson Structure Hydrocarbon: a compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds Alkane: a saturated hydrocarbon whose carbons are arranged in an open chain Aliphatic hydrocarbon: another name for an alkane Hydrocarbons Structure Shape tetrahedral about carbon all bond angles are approximately 109.5° Drawing Alkanes Line-angle formulas an abbreviated way to draw structural formulas each vertex and line ending represents a carbon Constitutional Isomerism Constitutional isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of their atoms example: C4H10 Constitutional Isomerism do these formulas represent constitutional isomers? find the longest carbon chain number each chain from the end nearest the first branch compare chain lengths as well the identity and location of branches Constitutional Isomerism Nomenclature - IUPAC Suffix -ane specifies an alkane Prefix tells the number of carbon atoms Nomenclature - IUPAC Parent name: the longest carbon chain Substituent: a group bonded to the parent chain alkyl group: a substituent derived by removal of a hydrogen from an alkane; given the symbol R- Nomenclature - IUPAC 1.The name of a saturated hydrocarbon with an unbranched chain consists of a prefix and suffix 2. The parent chain is the longest chain of carbon atoms 3. Each substituent is given a name and a number 4. If there is one substituent, number the chain from the end that gives it the lower number Nomenclature - IUPAC 5. If there are two or more identical substituents, number the chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent encountered first indicate the number of times the substituent appears by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. use commas to separate position numbers Nomenclature - IUPAC 6. If there are two or more different substituents, list them in alphabetical order number fr