有机化学英文课件hapter8.pptVIP

Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson Structure Haloalkane (alkyl halide): a compound containing a halogen covalently bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon; given the symbol RX Haloalkene (vinylic halide): a compound containing a halogen bonded to an sp2 hybridized carbon Haloarene (aryl halide): a compound containing a halogen bonded to a benzene ring; given the symbol ArX (we do not study vinylic or aryl halides in this chapter) Nomenclature number the parent chain to give the substituent encountered first the lowest number, whether it is halogen or an alkyl group indicate halogen substituents by the prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-, and list them in alphabetical order with other substituents locate each halogen on the parent chain by giving it a number preceding the name of the halogen in haloalkenes, number the parent chain to give carbon atoms of the double bond the lower set of numbers Nomenclature examples Common names: name the alkyl group followed by the name of the halide Nomenclature several polyhaloalkanes are common solvents and are generally referred to by their common or trivial names hydrocarbons in which all hydrogens are replaced by halogens are commonly named as perhaloalkanes or perhaloalkenes Dipole Moments Dipole moment of RX depends on: the sizes of the partial charges the distance between them the polarizability of the unshared electrons on halogen van der Waals Forces Haloalkanes are associated in the liquid state by van der Waals forces van der Waals forces: a group intermolecular attractive forces including dipole-dipole forces dipole-induced dipole forces induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) forces van der Waals forces pull molecules together as molecules are brought closer and closer, van der Waals attractive forces are overcome by repulsive forces between electron clouds of adjacent atoms or molecules van der Waals Forces the energy minimum is where the attractive forces are