《Chapter2SpeechSounds》-课件设计(公开).ppt

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds. How many sounds can we produce? Are all of them are used in human language? only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. 1. How speech sounds are made? 1.1 Speech organs Speech organs(vocal organs)(言语器官): those part of the human body involved in the production of speech The lungs（肺），the trachea(气管), the throat（咽喉）, the nose and the mouth The mouth: the tongue, the plate(腭) The throat: pharynx (upper)(咽), larynx (lower)(喉头) The vocal tract(声道): the pharynx, mouth, and nose The mouth: the oral cavity(口腔) The nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔) Speech organs The vocal folds are either apart, close together, totally closed. Voiceless(清音): the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass easily [p,s,t] Voiced(浊音): the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other