英语国家社会与文化1-2.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Edinburgh the capital of Scotland a historic, cosmopolitan and cultured city. History not conquered by the Romans (a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundary between England and Scotland, Hadrian’s Wall) Hadrian′s Wall Defensive fortification in Northern England. Erected (AD 122-136) on the orders of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. It extended 118.3 kilometres (73.5 miles) and was about 2.3 meter (7.5 foot) thick and 1.8-4.6 metre (6-15 foot) high. Forts were built along its length. Extensive stretches of the wall survive. Battle of Bannockburn Town and moor in central Scotland, scene of a Scottish victory over the English in 1314. The English army of Edward II, advancing on Stirling, was intercepted by Scottish troops under Robert I (the Bruce). The Scots held a dominant position above the Bannockburn, while the more heavily armed English were caught in swampy ground. Fighting began at dawn and before noon the English survivors were in flight. Though conflict continued for many years, the victory secured Scottish independence from the English, who made no serious effort to regain territory in Scotland. Queen Elizabeth the First of England, died childless, 1603—James the sixth of Scotland, became James the First of England--uniting the two thrones For another hundred years Scotland maintained its separate political identity. Scotland joined the Union, 1707—by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments. Party Labour Party Scottish National Party Conservative Party Wales Cardiff, Capital of Wales a city of contrasts. Innovative architecture sits alongside historic buildings, the bustle of the city centre is only a few strides from acres of peaceful parklands, the Welsh culture of dragons and myth blends perfectly with a modern, technology-driven city. a destination that appeals to everyone.  History