安全套在美国的生产与推广.doc

PAGE PAGE 11 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology _______________________________ Production and Promotion of Condom Use in the United States 避孕套在美国的生产与推广 作者在此感谢华盛顿大学人口与生态研究中心对本项研究的支持 北京大学人口研究所 周云 by Yun Zhou Institute of Peking University, Beijing (e-mail: zhouyun@) Abstract: Condom is a popular contraceptive as well as disease prevention method in the United States. With information from second-hand sources and a small-scale field study, this research examines production, quality control and sales of condom as well as promotion of condom use in the United States. Condom production in the U.S. has a rather long history and is limited to few companies. Strict quality standard and control by the companies and government make condoms in the market quality reliable. Among various channels of sale, drugstores and supermarkets are the most important ones. They have their own tactics to exhibit and sell condoms in the stores. Despite the long history of production, public promotion of condom use is rather a new phenomenon in about recent 50 years. Laws in the U.S. played an important role in regulating the promotion of condom use in the society. It is important to study the experience of condom production and promotion in the U.S., in hoping to convince more Chinese to adopt the method for fertility control as well as for disease prevention purpose. 论文摘要：在美国，避孕套是一种受欢迎的可避孕预防传染病的方法。本文利用已有的文献资料以及小范围的实地考察，主要研究了避孕套在美国的生产、质量控制、销售渠道、以及避孕套使用的推广。主要的结论是避孕套在美国已有很长的生产历史，生产厂家也相对集中在几大公司手中。厂家和政府相关部门严格的质量控制保证了市场上避孕套质量的可靠性。虽然避孕套的销售渠道多种多样，但正规药店和超市仍是主要的渠道。不同的药店和超市有自己独特的展卖避孕套的策略。尽管避孕套在美国的生产已有很长的历史，但在社会上公开宣传和推广避孕套的使用也仅仅是近50年左右的现象。法律对禁止和推动公开的宣传起到了很大的作用。对美国避孕套的生产和推广的研究，对中国更有效地利用这种方法控制人口数量和预防艾滋病性病有一定的借鉴意义。 避孕套是一种男性避孕方法。有研究认为，经常正确使用避孕套的避孕效果可达到97%，即便使用方法有误，避孕效果也可达到86%（ HYPERLINK ）。目前世界上许多国家都广泛使用避孕套。在美国，1982-1990年间避孕套的使用率在10%（United Nations, 1998），尽管这一比例与日本等国家相比较低，但仍高出中国4.89%（国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编，2002年，238页）的2倍以上。笔者认为，这种不同的使用比例不仅与每个国家的生育政策、生育行为及个