慢性阻塞性肺疾皓病第八版.ppt

Changes in large airways of COPD patients. The epithelium often shows squamous metaplasia and there is goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia, resulting in mucus hypersecretion. The airway wall is infiltrated with macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes, whereas neutrophils predominate in the airway lumen and around submucosal glands. Airway smooth muscle and basement membrane are minimally increased compared to the findings in asthma. Changes in small airways in COPD patients. The airway wall is thickened and infiltrated with inflammatory cells, predominately macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes, with increased numbers of fibroblasts. In severe COPD there are also lymphoid follicles. The lumen is often filled with an inflammatory exudate and mucus. There is peribronchial fibrosis and airway smooth muscle may be increased, resulting in narrowing of the airway. Changes in pulmonary arteries in COPD patients. There is dysfunction of endothelial cells (reduced vasodilator release), intimal thickening, hyperplasia of smooth muscle and infiltration with inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes. New * 2．病史特征： (1)吸烟史：多有长期较大量吸烟史。 (2)职业性、环境有害物质接触史： (3)家族史：COPD　有家族聚集倾向。 (4)发病年龄及好发季节：中年后发病，好发于秋冬寒冷季节，常有反复呼吸道感染及急性加重史。随病情进展，急性加重愈渐频繁。 (5)慢性肺原性心脏病史：后期出现低氧血症和(或)高碳酸血症，可并发慢性肺原性心脏病和右心衰竭。 * 1．症状： (1)慢性咳嗽：首发症状。初起咳嗽呈间歇性，早晨较重，后早晚或整日均有咳嗽，但夜间咳嗽并不明显。少数病例咳嗽不伴咳痰。少数病例虽有明显气流受限、但无咳嗽症状。 (2)咳痰：咳嗽后通常咳少量黏液性痰，部分患者在清晨较多；合并感染时痰量增多，常有脓性痰。 随着认识的深入，对于COPD的理解不再局限于气道和肺。关于COPD营养不良的研究越来越受到重视。并且，近年来国外文献里提出了一个新的概念，叫做COPD的全身效应（systemic effects），全身效应比营养不良更进了一步。这个概念包括营养不良，表现为体重下降、人体组成改变。 * * Realize the importance of hyperinflation. Barrel-shaped chest. EILV: 吸气末肺容积，EELV（FRC,平静呼气末肺内残留的气体量）：呼气末肺容积 RIV，inspiratory reserve volum：补吸气容积,从平静吸气末开始进行最大吸气所能吸入的最大气体容量。 Slide illustrates static hyperinflation Represents increase in EELV (FRC), RV or air trapping and TLC During a variety of maneuvers, e.g. exercise, IC can be used to assess EELV and quantitate the degree of hyperinflation 稳定期的治疗 COPD稳定期治