水化学a留nalysisofwaterchemistry.pptVIP

Analysis of Water Chemistry Urban Stream Restoration Project Outline Water Chemistry Background Chemistry in Urban Streams Methods 2003 Results Comparison to 2002 Conclusions Outline Water Chemistry Background Chemistry in Urban Streams Methods 2003 Results Comparison to 2002 Conclusions Temperature Most aquatic organisms are cold-blooded and have an ideal temperature range, specific to the organism: Diatoms 15-25 degrees C Green algae 25-35 degrees C Blue greens 30-40 degrees C Salmonids – cold water fish Temperature, continued Affects development of invertebrates, metabolism of organisms Affects dissolved oxygen (warm water holds less oxygen) Warm water makes some substances more toxic (cyanide, phenol, xylene, zinc) and, if combined with low DO, they become even more toxic Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen that is dissolved in water DO increases with cooler water and mixing of water through riffles, storms, wind Nutrient loading can lead to algal blooms which result in decreased DO 4-5 ppm DO is the minimum that will support large, diverse fish populations. Ideal DO is 9 ppm. Below 3 ppm, all fish die. Dissolved Oxygen, continued Dissolved oxygen can also be expressed as % saturation 80-124% = excellent 60-79% = ok 60% = poor Conductivity Measures the ability of water to carry an electric current Measures the ions such as Na+, Cl- in the water Differences in conductivity are usually due to the concentration of charged ions in solution (and ionic composition, temp.) Reported as microsiemens per cm pH pH measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the water (each number is a 10-fold difference) 0-6 = acid; 7 = neutral; 8-14 = base Ideal for fish = 6.5 –8.2 Ideal for algae = 7.5 – 8.4 Acid waters make toxic chemicals (Al, Pb, Hg) more toxic than normal, and alter trophic structure (few plants, algae) Turbidity Measures the cloudiness of the water Turbidity caused by plankton, chemicals, silt, etc. Most common causes of excess turbidity are plankton and soil erosio