化学专业英语马祥翻译36课.docVIP

? 36?沸点和蒸馏 Boiling?Points?of?Pure?Liquids??? 沸点的纯液体?? Any?given?liquid,?when?admitted?into?a?closed?evacuated?space,?evaporates?until?the?vapor?attains a?certain?definite?pressure,?which?depends?only?upon?the?temperature.?This?pressure,?which?is?the?pressure?exerted?by?the?vapor?in?equilibrium?with?the?liquid,?is?the?vapor?pressure?of?the?liquid?at?that?temperature.?As?the?temperature?increases?.?the?vapor?pressure?of?a?typical?liquid?x?increases?regularly?as?shown?by?the?generalized?vapor?pressure-temperature?curve?BC,?in?Fig.?5.?? 任何给定的液体,当进入一个封闭的疏散空间,蒸发到蒸汽形成某种明确的压力,仅仅依赖于温度。这种压力,这是由蒸汽压力与液体平衡的,是液体的蒸气压在温度。随着温度的升高。这个压力，是通过在与液体平衡的蒸汽施加的压力，是液体在该温度下的蒸汽压，其随着温度的增加而增加。一个典型液体x的蒸汽压的增加经常如图五所示，广义蒸汽压-温度曲线BC。 At?the?temperature,?Tp,?where?the?vapor?pressure?reaches?101.3kPa.?x?begins?to?boil?and?Tp?is?called?the?NORMAL?BOILING?POINT?of?x.?Every?liquid?which?does?not?decompose?before?its?vapor?pressure?reaches?101.3kPa.?has?its?own?characteristic?boiling?point.?In?general,?the?boiling?point?of?a?substance?depends?upon?the?mass?of?its?molecules?and?the?strength?of?the?attractive? forces?between?them.?For?a?given?homologous?series,?the?boiling?points?of?the?member?compounds?rise?fairly?regularly?with?increasing?molecular?weight.??? 在温度、Tp,那里的蒸汽压力达到101.3?kPa。开始煮和x?Tp被称为正常沸点液体的x。在这个温度，当蒸汽压达到101.3?kPa时，液体x开始沸腾，这个蒸汽压力被叫做x的正常沸点。任何一种液体在它的蒸汽压达到101.3?kPa之前都不分解，每种液体的沸点都有其自身的特点。一般来说,一种物质的沸点取决于它的分子质量和它们之间的引力的强度。对于一个给定的同系物，其成员化合物的沸点随分子量的增加而增加。?? Polar?liquids?tend?to?boil?higher?than?nonpolar?liquids?of?the?same?molecular?weight,?and? associated?polar?liquids?usually?boil?considerably?higher?than?nonassociated?polar?compounds.??? 极性液体的沸点往往高于相同分子量的非极性液体，而相关的极性液体的沸点远远高于一般的极性化合物。 The?boiling?point?is?a?characteristic?constant?that?is?widely?used?in?the?identification?of?liquids.?Because?of?its?marked?dependence?upon?pressure?and?its?rather?erratic?response?to?impurities,?however,?it?is?generally?less?reliable?and?useful?in?characterization?and?as?a?criterion?of?purity?than?is?the?melting?point?for