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Dichter et al. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2012, 4:19
/content/4/1/19
REVIEW Open Access
Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and
neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic
syndromes: animal models and clinical findings
Gabriel S Dichter1,2,3,5*, Cara A Damiano3 and John A Allen4
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and
psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across
disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward
circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a
range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders,
and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette’s syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and
genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and
Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on
the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future
research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved
intervention strategies.
Keywords: Reward, Mesolimbic, Dopamine, Nucleus Accumbens, Striatum, Neuroimaging
Review with the ultimate goal of more accurately linking patho-
Introduction
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