武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新).pdfVIP

武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5 更新) 1．段落分析 Developing Paragraph/Body （正文/主体） 1. Unity (一致性)—topic sentence 切题，与开篇提出的论点相关 2. Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects 论据是否充分 Common Methods of Development exemplification 例证 1) facts 事实 2) citation 引证 3) comparison and contrast 比较与对比 4) analysis 分析 5) classification 分类 3. Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条 理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。 General rule by classification 总原则：from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion ） 1) by transitions/signposts 过渡词/路标词 2) by repetition of key words 3) by synonyms or variations of key words 4) by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones) 5) from material to spiritual aspects 从物质到精神 6) from physical to psychological aspects 从身体到心理 7) from individual to social aspects 从个体到社会 8) from oneself to others 从自身到他人 9) from direct to indirect aspects 从直接到间接 10) from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure 从地理环境到社会、 经济和文化结构 Concept-defining 1. Content 内容（from paragraph level 段落） Topic 话题 — 笼统 → Perspective 角度 — 抽象 → Aspect 方面 — 具体 1）Topic 话题：what to write – general 笼统（topic sentence ） 2 ）Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度/视点 → 展开素材 3 ）Aspect (part/side) 方面/层面 → 体现素材(supporting sentences) 1 from material to spiritual aspects 从物质到精神 from physical to psychological aspects 从身体到心理 from general to specific 从笼统到具体 from idea/mentality to behavior 从思想到行为 from people to organization/government from technological to social aspects = from technology to society/from science to society from individual to s