城市工业污染土地环境修复与再开发.ppt

Figure 2-4 USA Source Control Treatment Projects 1982-2005 - Total of 977 projects Figure 2-4 USA Source Control Treatment Projects 2002-2005 - Total of 126 * Note: 90day in 1989; 30 day in 1991; then 1993 first round reform; 1994 “base review” on fund redirection, and 1995 second and third round reforms; 2003 review/evaluation on cooperation with ACOE; now this 120 day study (Nov 2003). – early is for program improvements; later is more for “money” or how to survive. * Go back to check NPL chart – little is achieved but more sites were added to NPL. Government/congress started to worry; attacks from both right and left wings NGOs occurred; Much are focused on 1) liability – this “strict, joint and several” – caused huge legal battles /consume time/resources in “dividing” liability among PRPs; burden are extremely high for small business; 2) program efficiency, consistency and standards; 3) fund and fund – how much the nation got to pay. * Note: EPA was only 8 years old 1980, when establishing Superfund. “Strict, joint and several” is indeed not fair to small contributors * Note EPA was only 8 years old when Superfund was established; EPA than Administrator Mr. Williams K Reilly stated in the 90-day study report titled as A Management Review of the Superfund Program: “The Agency and the country have spent 1st 9 years learning what a big job it really is; and building a base of experience from which to plan more efficient and effective methods of program management and site cleanup”. * Note: There are in fact 14 steps in EPA Superfund program, if HRS and NPL are considered. * “Strict, joint and several” is indeed not fair to small contributors; technically very difficult to separate or divide the contributions by different PRPs. * Second stage prolonged and rebound of the concentration; earlier stage requirement for “permanent” cleanup is not realistic. * Vacant facilities (deteriorate and invite arson, illegal dumping and vandalism)；A property owner, unwil