自整英语语言学.doc

名词解释 Chapter 1 Introduction引言 linguistic语言 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 语言学一般被定义为语言的科学研究。 general linguistics一般语言学 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 作为整体而言的语言研究经常被成为一般语言学。 phonetics语音学 The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 语言交际中语音的研究导致了语音学的建立。 morphology形态学 The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 对这些符号的排列方式和组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的分支形态学。 syntax句法 The study of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax. 句子的组合形式的研究称之为句法。 semantics语义学 The study of meaning is known as semantics. 意义的研究被称为语义学。 pragmatics语用学 When the study of meaning is conducted，not in isolation，but in the context of language use，it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 当意义的研究是进行的，不是孤立的，而是在语言运用的语境中，它就称为语言学的另一个分支，语用学。 sociolinguistics社会语言学 The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics. 研究社会各方面的语言和社会形势的关系为核心的分支叫做社会语言学。 psycholinguistics心理语言学 Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理学。 descriptive描写性 If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use，it is said to be descriptive. 如果一个语言研究的目的是为了描述和分析语言的实际上的使用，那么它是描述性的。 prescription规定性 If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say，it is said to be prescription. 如果语言研究的目的是制定规则，告诉人们什么是他们应该说的，什么是不应该说的，那么它是规定性的。 synchronic共时性 The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. 历史上某一语言的描述是一个共时性的研究。 diachronic历时性 The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 语言通过时间发生变化的描述是一个历时性的研究。 langue语言 Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. 语言是语言使用者