大学化学课件-外原版教材-4.ppt

Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALL Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation and Reduction When a metal undergoes corrosion it loses electrons to form cations: Ca(s) +2H+(aq) ? Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) Oxidized: atom, molecule, or ion becomes more positively charged. Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduced: atom, molecule, or ion becomes less positively charged. Reduction is the gain of electrons. Molarity Solution = solute dissolved in solvent. Solute: present in smallest amount. Water as solvent = aqueous solutions. Change concentration by using different amounts of solute and solvent. Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of solution. If we know: molarity and liters of solution, we can calculate moles (and mass) of solute. Molarity Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of solution. * Chapter 4 David P. White University of North Carolina, Wilmington Ionic Compounds in Water Ions dissociate in water. In solution, each ion is surrounded by water molecules. Transport of ions through solution causes flow of current. Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Compounds in Water Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution Molecular Compounds in Water Molecular compounds in water (e.g., CH3OH): no ions are formed. If there are no ions in solution, there is nothing to transport electric charge. Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution Strong and Weak Electrolytes Strong electrolytes: completely dissociate in solution. For example: Weak electrolytes: produce a small concentration of ions when they dissolve. These ions exist in equilibrium with the unionized substance. For example: Properties of Solutes in Aqueous Solution Used to highlight reaction between ions. Molecular equation: all species listed in their molecular forms: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) Complete ionic equation: lists all ions: H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ? H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Net ionic equation: lists only unique