第二章史前生物.pptVIP

第二章“史前”生物学 授课教师：牛登科 /teachers/niudk.htm dkniu@ 010“生物学”的诞生 The term?biology?is derived from the?Greek?word?β?ο?,?bios, life and the suffix?-λογ?α,?-logia, study of.?The Latin form of the term first appeared in 1736 when?Linnaeus?(Carl von Linné) used?biologi?in his?Bibliotheca botanica. In 1802, the term?biology?in its modern sense was propounded independently by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur) and Lamarck (Hydrogéologie). The word was coined in 1800 by Karl Friedrich Burdach. Timeline of Pre-biology/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry c. 520 BC?—?Alcmaeon of Croton?distinguished?veins?from?arteries?and discovered the?optic nerve. c. 450 BC?—?Sushruta?wrote the?Sushruta Samhita, describing over 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures, classifying human surgery into eight categories, and introducing cosmetic and?plastic surgery. c. 450 BC?—?Xenophanes?examined?fossils?and speculated on the?evolution?of?life. c. 350 BC?—?Aristotle?attempted a comprehensive?classification?of animals. His written works include?Historion Animalium, a general biology of animals,?De Partibus Animalium, a comparative?anatomy?and?physiology?of animals, and?De Generatione Animalium, on developmental biology. c. 300 BC?—?Theophrastos (or Theophrastus)?began the systematic study of?botany. c. 300 BC?—?Herophilos?dissected the human body. c. 100 BC?—?Diocles?wrote the oldest known anatomy book and was the first to use the term?anatomy. Timeline of Pre-biology/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry c. 800?—?Al-Jahiz?describes the?struggle for existence,?introduces the idea of a?food chain,?and adheres to?environmental determinism. c. 1010?—?Avicenna?(Abu Ali al Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) published?The Canon of Medicine?(Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb), in which he introduces?clinical trials?and clinical pharmacology,?and which remains an authoritative text in European medical education up until the 17th cent