abstract 1 _all文档.pptVIP

Sample Abstract 1 Analysis of Mandarin Tonal Errors in Connected Speech by English-Speaking American Adult Learners : A Study at and above the Word Level Analysis of Mandarin Tonal Errors in Connected Speech by English-Speaking American Adult Learners : A Study at and above the Word Level mandarin: 国语 tonal:[adj]音调的 tone:[n]音调 以英语为母语的美国成人学习者在连续发音中的普通话音调错误的分析：在词汇层面上和字级以上层面的研究 This study is intended to present an authentic, dynamic and comprehensive picture of English-speaking Mandarin learners’ performance on dynamic tones in connected speech. A total of 6236 analyzable syllables from 40 subjects’ natural running speech were analyzed with quantitative and qualitative means. syllable: 音节 这项研究意图呈现一个可信的、动态的和全面的以英语为母语的普通话学习者在连接发音中动态音调表现的图画。采用定量和定性的方式分析了40名受试者的自然进行的演讲中的6236个可分析的音节。 The investigation at the word level focused on important factors that affect learners’ performance and analyzed error pattern in individual tones. The investigation above the word level observed and analyzed tonal error pattern in sequences and accredited them to various sources. accredit to: 把…归结于，把…归咎于 词汇层面的调查集中于影响学习者表现的重要因素，和分析单独音调的错误类型。字级以上水平的调查依次地观察和分析音调错误类型，并把它们归结于各种来源。 The factors studied at the word level include target tone in Mandarin, learner-produced tone, position in the word, length and nature of learner exposure to the language, and general tonal competence. target tone: 靶音 在词汇层面上研究的因素包括英语靶音、学习者发出的音调、在词汇中的位置、学习者展现在语言中的长度和性质和一般的音调技能。 The error sources identified above the word level are transfer, avoidance, and development, which may all result in sequential error patterns. sequential: 连续的随着…而发生的；顺序的；序列的 在词汇层面上识别的错误来源是转移、回避和发展，这些都会引起连续的错误类型。 The multi-factor multi-source analysis has made it possible not only to reveal error patterns at the surface level but also to look into their underlying causes at a deeper level. look into: 窥视，调查，研究，浏览，看一看 多因素和多来源分析不仅使在表面层次上揭示错误类型成为可能，而且可以在更深层次上研究它们的根本原因。 Findings at and above the word level jointly led to a summary of tonal er