第8次第四章合同法概述.pptVIP

第四章 合同法概述（3） 五、违约责任归责原则 paradine v. Jane, Aleyn 1647 Facts Paradine (P) sued Jane (D) for a failure to pay rent for three years on leased lands. Jane asserted as a defense that the lands had been seized and occupied by Prince Rupert of Germany, and that Jane had been put out of possession and frustrated in the performance of his duties under the lease and was not bound to perform under the contract. Issue If a party creates a charge or duty to himself, is he obligated to perform in the face of frustration of purpose? Holding and Rule Yes. If a party creates a charge or duty to himself, he is obligated to perform in the face of frustration of purpose. The court held that if the law rather than a party creates a duty and the party is unable to perform due to frustration of purpose, that duty will be excused. However if the party creates the duty and becomes unable to perform due to frustration of purpose, the law will not protect the party in his own agreement and performance will not be excused. The court held that in this case the lessee would have gained the advantage of the profits and therefore he must bear the risk of the losses. 案情：Jane耕种Paradine的土地，按照约定，Jane按期应交纳一定的地租，案发这一年，由于Prince Rupert of Germany率领的军队占领了这块土地并将他从这块土地上驱逐了出去，致使Jane无法耕种，自然颗粒未收，从而不能交纳地租。 一）英美法系无过错责任制（严格责任） 违约构成： 1)、违约的事实 2)、损害的后果 3)、事实与损害后果间有因果关系 二） 大陆法系过错责任制 违约构成：1)、违约的事实 2)、损害的后果 3)、事实与损害后果间有因果关系 4)、违约方在主观上有过错 三）差异的原因 1、角度不同 英美法系 从违约相对方的角度考虑设置 违约责任是救济 不需要过错 大陆法系 从违约方角度考虑设置 违约责任是为了惩罚 惩罚过错 德国著名法学家耶林：使人负损害赔偿的，不是因为有损害，而是因为有过失。其道理就如同化学上的原则，使蜡烛燃烧的，不是光，而是氧，一般的浅显明白。 2、英美法系 因其实用主义经验主义的文化倾向 更倾向效率的价值取向 大陆法系 更倾向于公平的价值取向 六、合法不履行 一）英国法合同落空制度（frustration of concract） 1、理论起源判例------租用音乐厅判例： 1863 年的“租用音乐厅判例”：被告同意将音乐厅租赁给原告，用以举行演奏会， 租期为4天，每天租金为100英磅。但在租期尚未开始之时， 音乐厅就被大火焚毁，对此，双方都没有过错。原告向被告提出诉讼，要求赔偿因不能提供音乐厅而造成的损失。 法院判决：在我们看来