景观规划筑英语3.ppt

Landscape architecture continued to influence the city beautification and planning movement well into the 20th century, as growing cities used the services of professionally-trained landscape architects. The LEnfant Plan for the nations capitol was revived and expanded by the McMillan commission of 1901. Chicago, Cleveland and other cities also used landscape architects to lay out comprehensive development plans. 由于城市发展需要受到过专业训练的风景园林师参与，风景园林对城市美化和规划运动的影响一直持续到20世纪。1901年，国家首都的郎方规划由麦克米伦委员会进行再次规划和扩大，芝加哥、克里夫兰和其他城市都请风景园林师对城市进行综合布局和开发规划。 By the 1920s, urban planning separated from architecture and landscape architecture as a separate profession with its own degree programs and organizations. Yet, landscape architecture continued to remain a major force in urban planning and urban design. During and after the Depression, opportunities to design national and state parks, towns, parkways and new urban park systems broadened the profession. The orientation of American landscape architecture returned to its roots in public projects —— a trend which has continued throughout the mid-20th century to today. 到20世纪20年代，城市规划从建筑和风景园林分离成为一个独立的职业，并拥有自己的学位课程和组织机构。 然而，风景园林师在城市规划和城市设计中仍然保持着主导力量。 在经济大萧条期间和之后，国家和州公园、城镇、公园道和新的城市公园系统规划设计的机会使风景园林职业得到壮大。 美国风景园林的定位重新回到它的起源公共项目——一个贯穿20世纪中期至今的趋势中来。 The Profession in Practice 实践中的职业 Landscape architecture in the 1990s cannot be described in a few simple terms. The scope of the profession is too broad and the projects too varied. A variety of often interwoven specializations exist within the profession, including the following: Landscape Design, the historical core of the profession, is concerned with detailed outdoor space design for residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and public spaces. It involves the treatment of a site as art, the balance of hard and soft surfaces in outdoor and indoor spaces, the selection of construction and plant materials, infrastructure such as irrigation, and the preparation of detailed construction