兀共轭体系.PPT

+HBr +HBr 举例: 5、亲电加成反应的活性: 中间体碳正离子越稳定，越易形成，反应活性越大。 举例: 比较下列烯烃与HBr反应的活性： (CH3)2C=CH2 CH3CH2CH=CH2 + (CH3)2CCH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 + KMnO4/H+ R-CH=CH2 RCOOH + CO2 R-CH=C-R R’ KMnO4/H+ RCOOH + R-C-R’ O (二)烯烃的氧化反应： 双键碳上有2个氢时，生成二氧化碳 双键碳上有1个氢时，生成羧酸 双键碳上无氢时，生成酮 R-CH=CH-R KMnO4 冷、稀 R-CH-CH-R OH OH 邻二醇 可用酸性KMnO4来鉴别烯烃 可根据氧化产物来推测烯烃的结构 应用 CH2=CHC=CH2 CH3 KMnO4/H+ CH3-C-COOH O + 2CO2 举例: (三)烯烃的聚合反应： n n Alkenes are hydrocarbons which contain the carbon-carbon double bond. In alkene molecules, the carbon-carbon double bond is made of one σ bond and one π bond. The σ bond is more stable than the π bond. The π bonds of alkenes cannot rotate freely, so some alkenes contain cis-trans isomers which can be named by cis-trans nomenclature or Z,E nomenclature. The π bond is easy to be attacked and broken by electronphilic reagents, so it is easy for alkenes to undergo the electronphilic addition reactions. In the multi-atom molecule, the electron cloud can drift towards the stronger electronegative atom, which can produce the inducing effects. According to the different effects, the inducing effects can be classified into the pulling electron inducing effect and the pushing electron inducing effect. Alkenes can be oxidized by strong oxidants. Alkenes also can be oxidized in acidic KMnO4 solution to produce carboxylic acids, carbon dioxide, or ketones. Section 2 Alkynes 二炔烃 炔烃 单炔烃 多炔烃 构造异构 碳链异构 叁键位置异构 单炔烃的通式：CnH2n-2 官能团异构 一、 Isomerism of Alkynes 举例: C5H8 CH≡CCH2CH2CH3 CH3C≡CCH2CH3 CH≡CCHCH3 CH3 CH2=CH-CH=CHCH3 （命名类同烯烃） 二、Nomenclature of Alkynes 举例: CH3CH2CHC≡CCHCH3 CH3 CH3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2,5-二甲基-3-庚炔 当双键和三键共存时: 1、选主链 (同时包含双键和叁键在内的最长碳链为主链,叫”某烯炔”) 2、编号 从靠近双键或叁键的一端开始编号。（若位置相同时，则从靠近双键的一端开始编号。） 3、标明取代基、双键、叁键位置 举例: CH3CH=CC≡CH CH3 5 4 3 2 1 3-甲基-3-戊烯-1-炔 CH3CH=CHCHC≡CCH3 CH(CH3)2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4-异丙基-2-庚烯-5-炔 以乙炔(C2H2)为例： 三、Structure of Alkynes + + P P sp sp sp P P sp 2 H H H 兀键 兀键 σ键 σ键 碳碳三键中的碳原子是sp杂化。 碳碳三键中