生物科学史-LaboratoryofComputationalMolecularBiologyBNU.PPTVIP

第三章 工欲善其事，必先利其器 授课教师：牛登科 /teachers/niudk.htm dkniu@ 010生物学发展史很大程度上是仪器设备的发展史 最先进仪器设备的使用者往往是最接近重大科学发现的人 显微镜的发展史与细胞生物学的发展史 洛克菲勒大学的历史 如何选择我们国家的生物科学发展道路？ 显微镜的发展史与生物学的发展史 工具可以扩展人类的感官所能触及的范围 中世纪的学者开始使用镜片，将镜片举到数的上方或者直接放在书上 14世纪昂贵的用品：眼镜 眼镜--?显微镜和望远镜 伽利略最早的望远镜制造者之一，望远镜也成就了伽利略。 人们过去几乎看不见的东西在显微镜下成了复杂而奇特的“妖怪”。 一些哲学家警告说，这些非自然的装置会误导人的感官，所以不应该相信他们产生的图像。那些不善诡辩的怀疑论者认为这些工具都是巫术。 最初这些显微镜只能放大五到十倍，观察跳蚤、蜜蜂、血管、蜘蛛卵等。 显微镜的发展史与生物学的发展史 1658?—?Jan Swammerdam?observed red?blood?cells?under a?microscope. 1663?—?Robert Hooke?saw cells in?cork?using a microscope. 1676?—?Anton van Leeuwenhoek?observed?protozoa?and calls them?animalcules. 1677?— Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed?spermatozoa. 1683?— Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed?bacteria. Leeuwenhoeks discoveries renew the question of spontaneous generation in microorganisms. 1838 — Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are composed of cells. 1839 — Theodor Schwann proposed that all animal tissues are composed of cells. Schwann and Schleinden argued that cells are the elementary particles of life. 1893 — August K?hler developed a key technique for sample illumination, K?hler illumination, which is central to modern light microscopy. 显微镜的发展史与生物学的发展史 1926 — Hans Busch developed the first electromagnetic lens. 1931 — The German physicist?Ernst Ruska?and the electrical engineer?Max Knoll?constructed the?prototype?electron microscope, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. 1937 — Manfred von Ardenne?pioneered the?scanning electron microscope. 1939 — Siemens produced the first?commercial?transmission electron microscope (TEM).? 1981 — The scanning tunneling microscope developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. 1986 — Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber invented the atomic force microscope. The most recent developments in light microscope largely centre on the rise of fluorescence microscopy in biology. These techniques use these different fluorophores