普通语言学第六章.pptVIP

Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following conversation between a couple: ----(the telephone rings) ----H: That’ the phone. (1) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (2) ----H: Okay. (3) This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts: (1)?? Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone. (2)?? A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead. (3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.” Searle’s classification of speech acts (1969) Assertives/representatives(陈述) Directives(指令) Commissives(承诺) Expressives(表达) Declarations(宣布) Assertives/representatives ---- Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true, e.g. I think the film is moving. I’m certain I have never seen the man before. I solemnly swear that he had got it. … Directives ---- Trying to get the hearer to do something, e.g. I order you to leave right now. Open the window, please. Your money or your life! … Commissives ---- Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g. I promise to come. I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail. … Expressives ----Expressing the speaker’s psychological state about something, e.g. I’m sorry for being late. I apologize for the sufferings that the war has caused to your people. … Declarations ----Bringing about an immediate change in the existing state or affairs, e.g. I now appoint you chairman of the committee. You are fired. I now declare the meeting open. … Note: (1) All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force, e.g. I guess / am sure / swear he is the murderer. Note: (2) In order to get someone open the door, we can choose one from a variety of the forms in below: Could you open the door, please! Can you open the door! Do you mind ope