线粒体与叶绿体遗传.pptVIP

* The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts * Chloroplasts are specialized forms of a general class of plant organelles called plastids (质体). Botanists distinguish among several kinds of plastids, including chromoplasts (plastids containing pigment), amyloplastids (plastids containing starch), and elaioplasts (plastids containing oil or lipid). All the three types seem to develop from small membrane-bounded organelles called proplastids, and, within a particular plant species, all seem to contain the same DNA. This DNA is generally referred to as chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). * The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts * 1. Chloroplast DNA In higher plants, cpDNAs typically range from 120 to 160 kb in size, and in algae, from 85 to 292 kb. In a few species of green algae in the genus Acetabularia (伞藻属), the cpDNA is much larger, about 2000 kb. Among the species of plants whose chloroplast DNA has been at least partially characterized, the cpDNA seems to be organized as a closed circular molecule. However, in some species, especially those with large cpDNAs, a linear arrangement cannot be ruled out. * The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts * The number of cpDNA molecular in a cell depends on two factors: the number of chloroplasts and the number of cpDNA molecules within each chloroplast. Chlamydomonas reinharditii: one chloroplast, and it contain about 100 copies of the cpDNA. Euglena gracilis: 15 chloroplasts per cell, and each contains about 40 copies of cpDNA. * The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts * All cpDNA molecules carry basically the same set of genes, but in different species these genes are arranged in different ways. Most cpDNAs have a pair of large inverted repeats that contain the genes for the rRNAs. These repeats range anywhere from 10 to 76 kb in length and are variously located in different cpDNA molecules. * The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts * 2. Chloroplast Biogenesis All plastids develop from proplastids. In the ca