生长发育和小儿养(7年制).pptVIP

Chapter 2 Growth and Development definition Growth and development represents a mature process from zygote(受精卵) to adult. Actually it have been stretched to life end. So it is continous interaction of biologic processes and environmental factors that are initiated at conception and terminate at death. growth Growth implies a physical change. A quantity change, related measure value. Morphological growth, serve as indicator of development. development Development stands for differentiation and maturation of functions. A quality change. Development Development suggests a change or modification in capacity to function. Change of quality. law of growth and development It’s a continuous and stage process There’re diverse speed in the development among different systems. General law of growth and development There are obvious individual difference of growth and development. Factors influencing growth and development Heredity prenatal environment Postnatal environment Endocrine system /5endEukrain/ Nutrition Disease Growth and development index Weight Status standing height sitting height Head circumference Chest circumference Upper arm circumference Proportion of body (1)Weight: birth weight＝3 kg. ＜6 mo.＝ 3 (Birth weight) ＋mo.× 0.7 kg; 7th ~12th mo.＝ 6(kg) ＋ mo. × 0.25 kg; 2nd ~12th yr.＝ yr. × 2 ＋7(or 8 kg) Growth speed is much slower after 2th year.Until the 2th surge, it increases again. (2) Height/length: 50cm(birth)→2.5cm/m(＜6m)→1~1.5cm(＞6m~1y)→75cm(1y) ＋25cm (3) Head circumference: birth＝ 34 cm; 1st yr.＝46 cm; 2nd yr.＝48 cm. 5yr.=50cm 15yr.=54cm microcephaly hydrocephalus (4) Chest circumference: birth＝ 32 cm; 1 yr.＝ 46 cm=head size; 2yr， chest size =Head size +yr-1. 2. Skeletal development  (1)Cranium: Anterior fontanel closed time: 1st ~1.5th yr.; Posterio