英美文学批评12.pptVIP

英美文学批评 Theory 2 Psychoanalysis Psychological criticism Psychological criticism deals with a work of literature primarily as an expression, in fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the individual author. Psychoanalysis Since the 1920s, a very widespread form of psychological literary criticism has come to be psychoanalytic criticism, whose premises and procedures were established by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud had developed the dynamic form of psychology that he called psychoanalysis as a means of analysis and therapy for neuroses, but soon expanded it to account for many developments and practices in the history of civilization, including warfare, mythology, and religion, as well as literature and the other arts. Literature and the other arts, like dreams and neurotic symptoms, consist of the imagined, or fantasized, fulfillment of wishes that are either denied by reality or are prohibited by the social standards of morality and propriety. The forbidden, mainly sexual (libidinal) wishes come into conflict with, and are repressed by, the censor (the internalized representative within each individual of the standards of society) into the unconscious realm of the artists mind, but are permitted by the censor to achieve a fantasied satisfaction in distorted forms which serve to disguise their real motives and objects from the conscious mind. The disguised fantasies that are evident to consciousness are called by Freud the “manifest” content of a dream or work of literature; the unconscious wishes that find a semblance of satisfaction in this distorted form he calls the “latent” 潜在的 content. Freud’s Theories Like iceberg, the human mind is structured so that its great weight and density lie beneath the surface (below the level of consciousness) The foundation of Freud’s contribution to modern psychology is his emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the human psyche. Freud’s second major premise is that all human behavior is moti