课件：传染病暴发调查.ppt

* s? Random digit dialing (i.e., random selection of either all seven digits or the last four matching on the associated case’s telephone exchange) and sequential digit dialing (i.e., patient’s telephone number + 1) Advantages: -limited assistance needed from cases (don’t need to ask them to identify potential controls) -may produce controls that are more representative of the community from which cases came than physician-matched controls, neighborhood controls, or friends and acquaintances of patients (i.e., a less biased sample) Disadvantages: -possibility of reaching many disconnected and commercial telephone lines (which cannot provide controls) (NOTE: This problem decreases somewhat with sequential digit dialing.) -may require many calls before an appropriate age and gender-matched control is identified -low participation rate among potential controls ?Neighborhood controls (selected either by home visits or using a reverse telephone directory which provides the telephone number for a particular address) Advantages: -opportunity for similar exposures among cases and controls -increased likelihood that potential controls will participate due to interest in threats to own community Disadvantages: !difficulty finding age and gender-matched controls for some cases, particularly those at the age extremes or living in rural areas!potential for overmatching (e.g., if neighbors share a product or have common use patterns, there is an increased likelihood that the study will fail to implicate a source) !because most people are not at home during the day it requires investigators to work at night !requires an enormous logistical effort in a multicommunity outbreak ?Ask patient or patients family to name person(s) of the same age group and gender Advantages: -easy for investigator to locate potential controls -increased likelihood that potential controls will participate due to interest in threats to own community or friendship with case-opportunity for similar exposur