元初江南儒士的处境及社会角色的转变.docxVIP

元初江南儒士的处境及社会角色的转变① 申万里 （武汉大学人文学院 湖北武汉430072） ［关键词］：江南儒士学官社会角色 ［摘 要宋元的更替，使原先在江南社会中占统治地位的儒士阶层受到很大的冲击。在客观环 境和元政权笼络政策的共同作用下，江南儒士阶层迅速分化。有的仍然以遗民自居，敌视元朝；有 的拒绝仕宦，归隐民间；但大多数江南儒士开始承认元朝的统治，接受元政权任命的学官，于是江 南社会中逐渐形成了一个由学官组成的社会群体，儒士阶层完成了社会角色的转变。 ［中国图书分类码］: ［文献标识码］: The Situation and the Transformation of Their Society Roles of the South Scholars in the early time of Yuan-Dynasty Shenwanli (Humanities College of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 ) Key words: the south Confucian scholars drillmaster society role Abstract: After Yuan-dynasty had been in place of Song Dynasty the south Confucian scholars were deprived of the special political and economy rights. They had to make living with their own hands. The tough environment made them to divide into mainly three gropes? A few of them were still loyal to the Southern Song Imperial court. Some of them became hermits in the mountain and rural areas. The most part of them had to yield to Yuan government and accepted the appointments of Yuan government. Almost all the southern Confucian scholars who admit Yuan dominate were appointed drillmasters? A new society grope emerged in The South area. To the southern scholars, by the way of drill master they found the new role in the new situation. It indicated they had completed their transformation of society roles 前吕 儒士也称士大夫，是两宋以来通过科举而产生的一个新兴的社会集团，从社会角色上看，它是 儒士、官僚、乡绅三种身分统一体。在以“儒治”为主要特征并且科举非常发达的宋代，儒士阶层 作为统治阶级或统治阶级的后备成员，其社会地位非常高。有些儒士通过科举，出入卿相，掌握全 国政权；一般的儒士也可以在地方上主宰一方，成为“地方精英”。 南宋儒士阶层的发展非常迅速，士人数目急剧增加，据国外学者的统计，南宋参加乡试者每科 多达四十万人，约占南宋成年男子的2?5%o l，J然而不幸的是，这种情况随着元朝的统一战争而发 生了变化。元朝统一后，元政权根据征服的先后顺序确立各地居民的政治地位，“南人”成为元朝社 会地位最低的政治群体。同吋，儒学也不再是元王朝用人的标准，科举亦长期废置，这就使江南儒 士的处境发生了巨大变化。如何转变社会角色以适应新环境，成了江南儒士不得不面对的新问题。 前人研究元代儒士处境及地位的成果很多，就江南儒士的研究来说，主要成果有：周祖谟《宋 亡后仕元之儒学教授》②、陈得芝《论宋元之际江南士人的思想和政治动向》③、郑克晟《元末的江 南士人与社会》*、（台）萧启庆《元朝科举与江南士大夫之延续》、（美）Yan-Shuan Lao Sou them Chinese ’本论文获得国家社科基金资助，批准号：O3CZSOO5。 《辅仁学志》1947年1、2合刊。 《南京大学学报》1997年第2期。 《东南文化》1990年第4期。 Scholars and Educational Institution in Early Yuan :Some Preliminary Rem