中国的产权保护与土地退化问题-crawfordschoolofpublicpolicy-anu.pdfVIP

Property Rights and Land Degradation in China 中国的产权保护与土地退化问题 Jeff Bennett 杰夫· 比内特 Crawford School of Economics and Government 澳洲国立大学克劳福德经济与政府学院 The take-home message 要 点 China has a major land degradation problem 中国土地退化问题很严重 The policy response needs to address the cause 对策需从根源上加以应对 Secure and well-defined property rights to agricultural land would: • Provide farmers with incentives to reduce land degradation (as well as increased productivity) • Reduce the costs of government programmes to reduce land degradation 稳定而明晰的农用地产权保护将会： • 激励农民减少土地退化的程度（同时提高生产率） • 减少政府为降低土地退化而推出的项目成本 Lan egra ation 土地退化 Soil erosion in 367m hectares • Nutrient loss = 5% loss of crop yields = USD 700m (1976-89) • Dust storms = loss of 670,000 ha arable land + 2.35m ha range land + negative human health impacts Salinity in 100m hectares 3亿6700万公顷的土壤侵蚀 • 养分损失=农作物产量5%的损失=7亿美元（1976-89） • 沙尘暴=损失670,000公顷耕地+235万公顷牧区+对人类健康的负 面影响 1亿公顷内的含盐量 Increased flood frequency Biodiversity loss – 15-20% species threatened Direct cost = USD7.7b per annum Indirect cost = USD31b per annum 洪水频率增加 生物多样性损失——15-20%物种受到威胁 直接损耗=每年77亿美元 间接损耗=每年310亿美元 Why? 为何？ Large population + fragile ecosystems ?? No … look to policy causes. 人口众多+生态系统脆弱？？ 不是… 请关注政策原因。 1. 1949-1978: collectives + production targets (regional food self-sufficiency) + state monopoly procurement = short term production focus + no long term incentives for production or resource stewardship 1. 1949-1978：集体所有+生产指标（地区的粮食自足） +国家统收=热衷于短期性生