群落-生物学试验教学中心.PPT

Succession is strongly influenced by three processes. Facilitation: changes in the abiotic environment that are imposed by the developing community and allow other species to invade. Inhibition: species of one stage resist invasion by later successional species such that invasion is only possible following disturbance or death. Successional processes 演替过程 演替受三个过程的强烈影响： （i）促进：正在发展的群落所产生的非生物环境变化，允许其他物种的入侵。 （ii）抑制：一个阶段的物种抵制后来演替的物种的入侵，以至于入侵仅仅在干扰或死亡后才有可能。 （iii） Tolerance: late successional species invade because they are able to tolerate lower resource levels and can outcompete early successional species. Highly competitive species, which are tolerant of low resource levels will replace opportunistic good colonizers and come to dominate the climax community. （iii）耐受：后期演替的物种的入侵，因为它仍能够忍受较低的资源水平和排斥早期演替的物种。能忍受低资源水平的强竞争的物种，将取代好的机会迁移者而统治顶极群。 三个过程的异同点 先锋物种最先出现、易于被挤掉 演替机制：物种替代促进/抑制，竞争能力 控制演替的主要因素 环境的不断变化 植物繁殖体的迁移、散布和动物的活动性 种内、种间关系的改变 人类活动 环境的不断变化 群落内部环境的变化：由群落本身的生命活动造成的，与外界环境条件的改变没有直接关系；有些情况下，是群落内物种生命活动的结果，为自己创造了不良的居住环境，使原来的群落解体，为其他植物的生存提供了有利条件，从而引起演替 外界环境条件的变化：群落之外的环境条件如气候、地貌、土壤和火等成为引起演替的重要条件 火与演替 the model also accounts for the increase in species number with increasing island size and decreasing distance from a source of colonists. Extinction and colonization account for the depauperate flora and fauna of islands when compared to the adjacent mainland. 模型研究也证明了物种的数目会随着岛屿面积的增加而增加，和随着距移殖者源距离的缩短而增加。对模型研究有利的证据，是由对除去动物的岛屿上物种的再移殖的观察，和对最近隔离的岛屿物种的丧失结果所提供的。当与邻近大陆对照的时候，灭绝和移殖过程说明了岛屿植物区系和动物区系的衰亡。 Islands and metapopulations Metapopulation theory has superseded island biogeography in explaining the behavior of populations in ‘islands’ of fragmented habitat. A metapopulation consists of a number of populations that exchange individuals through immigration and emigration. Unlike islands, habitat patches are embedded in a landscape mosaic that can influence the quality of the patch and the species it will contain. 岛屿和异质 种群 异