（physiologicalecology）进化生态学（evolutionaryecology）.pptVIP

1.3 生态学一般规律及实际意义 以上几条生态学的一般规律, 是生态平衡的理论基础, 也是解决人类当前面临的人口、粮食、能源、资源、环境等五大问题的理论基础。许多科学家认为, 解决这五大问题, 核心是控制人口的增长, 即维持人类自身种群数量的稳定, 做到与地球生物圈协调共处, 从而实现既满足当前人类需要, 又不危及后代子孙生存的可持续发展(sustainable development)。 * Figure: 40.8 Title: The carbon cycle Caption: Carbon is captured from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and passed up through the trophic levels. It is released during respiration from all trophic levels and by the burning of forests and fossil fuels. * Figure: 40.9 Title: The nitrogen cycle Caption: From its reservoir in the atmosphere, nitrogen gas is combined with oxygen to form nitrates by lightning or by burning and then carried to Earth dissolved in rain. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria produce ammonia. Nitrate and ammonia are also synthesized by humans for use in fertilizers. These are absorbed by plants and other producers and incorporated into biological molecules that are passed up through the trophic levels. Nitrate and ammonia are released by excretion or by decomposer bacteria. Other bacteria convert these molecules back to atmospheric nitrogen, completing the cycle. 图. 熱力学的两个定律。 第一定律：A = B + C 第二定律：C A 生态系统中的物质循环 Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat 未捕获（876.1g） 猎物种群生产量（886.4g） 被捕获（10.3g） 被吃下（7.93g）I 未吃下（2.37g） 未同化（0.63g） 同化（7.3g）A 净次级生产（2.7g）P 呼吸（4.6g）R An energy pyramid for a prairie ecosystem. Each trophic level from producer to tertiary consumer has less energy stored in it. The width of the rectangles represents energy found in the organisms at each trophic level. CONCEPT OF PYRAMIDS Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat The Carbon Cycle Reservoirs Processes/Locations TrophicLevels/Organisms CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Producers Consumers Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Consumers Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere